Influence of aeration modes on leachate characteristic of landfills that adopt the aerobic–anaerobic landfill method

As far as the optimal design, operation, and field application of the Aerobic–Anaerobic Landfill Method (AALM) are concerned, it is very important to understand how aeration modes (different combinations of aeration depth and air injection rate) affect the biodegradation of organic carbon and the transformation of nitrogen in landfill solid waste. Pilot-scale lysimeter experiments were carried out under different aeration modes to obtain detailed information regarding the influence of aeration modes on leachate characteristics. Results from these lysimeter experiments revealed that aeration at the bottom layer was the most effective for decomposition of organic carbon when compared with aeration at the surface or middle layers. Moreover, the air injection rate led to different nitrogen transformation patterns, unlike the lesser influence it has on organic carbon decomposition. Effective simultaneous nitrification and denitrification were observed for the aeration mode with a higher air injection rate (=1.0 L/min). On the other hand, the phenomenon of sequenced nitrification and denitrification could be observed when a low air injection rate (=0.5 L/min.) was employed. Finally, it is concluded that, for AALM, air injection with a higher air injection rate at the deepest layer near the leachate collection pipe tends to accelerate the stabilization of landfill waste as defined in terms of the enhancement of denitrification as well as organic carbon decomposition.     

Removal of nitrogen from wastewaters by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) using granules in upflow reactors

Nitrogen pollution of waters has sometimes caused severe eutrophication, leading to the death of fishes and most aquatic life. There is therefore a need for efficient and cost-effective methods to remove nitrogen from ammonium-rich wastewaters. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) is a promising process to remove nitrogen because this process directly oxidizes ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) to dinitrogen gas (N₂) under anoxic condition. Nonetheless, a challenge of this process is that chemolithoautotrophic Anammox bacteria grow slowly at the beginning, thus resulting in low Anammox biomass and instability of reactors. Such issues can be overcome by granulation of the Anammox sludge. Here, we review the characteristics of the Anammox bacteria, and the formation, structure and flotation of Anammox granules under high hydraulic loadings. We also evaluate the performances of full-scale granular Anammox processes. The major points are: 1) Anammox bacteria secrete a large amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), up to 415 mg g^?1 of volatile suspended solids (VSS), containing many hydrophobic functional groups that facilitate biomass granulation. 2) Granulation enhances the sludge settling property and retention time, which contributes to the extremely high nitrogen removal rate of 77 kg m^?3 d^?1 of Anammox upflow reactors. 3) Flotation of Anammox granules frequently occurs under nitrogen removal rate higher than 10 kg m^?3 d^?1, which is mainly due to the overproduction of EPS under high hydraulic conditions.     

Crystalline phase evolution behavior and physicochemical properties of glass–ceramics from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Appropriate management and treatment of fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plant have become an urgent environmental protection...     

二元有机酸的络合萃取研究

研究了磷酸三丁酯（ＴＢＰ）和甲基异丁基酮（ＭＩＢＫ）对乙二酸，丙二酸，丁二酸和己二酸等二元有机酸的萃取及其影响因素。结果表明，萃取反应为中性络合萃取机理，有机相中生成１：２的萃合物；空腔效应，偶极作用和氢键等是影响萃取性能的主要因素；稀释剂，无机盐，温度及二元有机酸结构等对萃取性能都有重要影响。     

Fine Particulate Organic Material in the Los Angeles Basin - I: Assessment of the High-Volume Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System,BIG BOSS

ABSTRACT

A multi-system, high-volume, parallel plate diffusion dénuder Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (BIG BOSS) was tested using collocated samplers at the Pico Rivera Monitoring Station of the South Coast Air Quality Management District, South Coast Air Basin, in September 1994. Six-hr daytime and 9-hr nighttime samples were collected with a flow of about 200 L/min through each of the three systems designed to collect particles smaller than 2.5, 0.8, and 0.4 mm in a diffusion denuder sampler. Efficiency for the removal of gas phase organic compounds by the diffusion denuder was evaluated using both theoretical predictions and field measurements. Both measured and calculated data indicate high denuder efficiency for the removal of gas phase aromatic and paraffinic compounds. The precision of the BIG BOSS was evaluated using collocated samplers. The precision of determination of total carbon and elemental carbon retained by a quartz filter or of semi-volatile carbonaceous material lost from particles during sampling averaged ±7%. The precision of determination of individual organic compounds averaged ±10%. An average of 42 and 62% of the particulate organic material was semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) lost from particles during sampling for daytime and nighttime samples, respectively. This “negative” sampling artifact was an order of magnitude larger than the “positive” quartz filter artifact due to adsorption of gas phase organic material. Daytime concentrations of fine particulate elemental carbon and nonvolatile organic carbon were higher than nighttime concentrations, but nighttime fine particles contained more semi-volatile organic material than daytime.     

水稻品种对CH_4产生、排放及δ~(13)CH_4的影响

水稻品种是调控CH4产生和排放的关键因素。关于水稻品种对稻田产生和排放CH4的稳定性碳同位素组成(δ13CH4)的影响研究鲜见报道。通过温室盆栽和室内培养试验并结合稳定性碳同位素方法,研究了持续淹水条件下4个水稻生育期镇稻624、农香98和中早33的土壤CH4产生潜力、土壤溶液CH4浓度、CH4排放通量及产生、排放CH4的δ13C值,为最终筛选优质高产且低CH4排放的水稻品种提供CH4排放相关过程及其稳定性碳同位素方面的参考数据。结果表明:在分蘖期和拔节期,镇稻624和农香98的土壤CH4产生潜力显著高于中早33,在灌浆期和成熟期显著小于后者(P0.05)。三者土壤CH4产生潜力、土壤溶液CH4浓度最高值和土壤Eh的最低值依次出现在拔节期(2.6μg·g-1·d-1,346.9μmol·L-1,-296 m V)、拔节期(3.2μg·g-1·d-1,425.9μmol·L-1,-316 m V)和灌浆期(2.4μg·g-1·d-1、435.2μmol·L-1,-308 m V)。各品种土壤CH4产生潜力均与相应土壤溶液中CH4浓度显著正相关(P0.01),且与土壤Eh显著负相关(P0.01)。镇稻624和农香98在分蘖盛期CH4排放通量最大(67.1和68.7 mg·m-2·h-1),中早33则在拔节期(58.5 mg·m-2·h-1)。各品种CH4季节排放总量依次为55.29、55.74和40.82 g·m-2,前二者无显著差异,显著高于中早33,这可能是镇稻624和农香98的土壤CH4产生潜力在分蘖期和拔节期显著大于中早33,而各品种CH4排放又相对集中在分蘖期和拔节期的缘故。相关分析表明,各生育期CH4排放通量与相应的土壤CH4产生潜力显著正相关(P0.01)。可见水稻品种通过影响土壤的CH4产生,进而影响稻田CH4的排放。镇稻624和中早33土壤产生CH4的δ13C值从约-67.0‰增至-55.5‰,农香98则先减后增,范围为-64.2‰~-52.9‰,这说明镇稻624和中早33的土壤CH4产生途径差异较小,而二者与农香98差异较大。各品种排放CH4的δ13C值均先减后增,分别为-67.6‰~-48.5‰、-73.0‰~-47.3‰和-60.9‰~-46.7‰,季节平均值依次为-52.7‰、-52.5‰和-54.8‰。总体上,水稻品种影响排放δ13CH4值的季节变化。     

Environmental impacts of a large-scale incinerator with mixed MSW of high water content from a LCA perspective

Large-scale incinerators are applied widely as a result of the heavy burden of municipal solid waste(MSW) generated, while strong opposition is arising from the public living nearby. A large-scale working incineration plant of 1500 ton/day was chosen for evaluation using life cycle assessment. It was found that the corresponding human toxicity impacts via soil(HTs), human toxicity impacts via water(HTw) and human toxicity impacts via air(HTa)categories are 0.213, 2.171, and 0.012 personal equivalents(PE), and global warming(GW100)and nutrient enrichment(NE) impacts are 0.002 and 0.001 PE per ton of waste burned for this plant. Heavy metals in flue gas, such as Hg and Pb, are the two dominant contributors to the toxicity impact categories, and energy recovery could reduce the GW100 and NE greatly. The corresponding HTs, HTw and HTa decrease to 0.087, 0.911 and 0.008 PE, and GW100 turns into savings of- 0.007 PE due to the increase of the heating value from 3935 to5811 k J/kg, if a trommel screener of 40 mm mesh size is used to pre-separate MSW. MSW sorting and the reduction of water content by physical pressure might be two promising pre-treatment methods to improve the combustion performance, and the application of stricter standards for leachate discharge and the flue gas purification process are two critical factors for improvement of the environmental profile identified in this work.     

Greenhouse gas emission and its potential mitigation process from the waste sector in a large-scale exhibition

As one of the largest human activities, World Expo is an important source of anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas emission (GHG), and the GHG emission and other environmental impacts of the Expo Shanghai 2010, where around 59,397 tons of waste was generated during 184 Expo running days, were assessed by life cycle assessment (LCA). Two scenarios, i.e., the actual and expected figures of the waste sector, were assessed and compared, and 124.01 kg CO₂-equivalent (CO₂-eq.), 4.43 kg SO₂-eq., 4.88 kg NO₃^--eq., and 3509 m³ water per ton tourist waste were found to be released in terms of global warming (GW), acidification (AC), nutrient enrichment (NE) and spoiled groundwater resources (SGWR), respectively. The total GHG emission was around 3499 ton CO₂-eq. from the waste sector in Expo Park, among which 86.47% was generated during the waste landfilling at the rate of 107.24 kg CO₂-eq., and CH₄, CO and other hydrocarbons (HC) were the main contributors. If the waste sorting process had been implemented according to the plan scenario, around 497 ton CO₂-eq. savings could have been attained. Unlike municipal solid waste, with more organic matter content, an incineration plant is more suitable for tourist waste disposal due to its high heating value, from the GHG reduction perspective.     

Progress and prospects of atmospheric environmental sciences in China: Preface

正Anthropogenic emissions impact significantly the atmospheric environment which human being relies on,e.g.,global warming,stratospheric ozone depletion,photochemical smog,acid rain,haze and so on.Although clean air actions have been legislated by many nations to mitigate pollutants’emission with the aim of protecting the atmospheric environment,     

不同初始氮浓度对小球藻生长及氮吸收的影响

将小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)接入不同初始NO3--N浓度的培养基中进行培养,通过分析测定藻密度、细胞内氮、叶绿素-a和硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)等参数,探讨不同初始氮浓度对小球藻生长代谢的影响。结果显示:添加氮源可以明显促进小球藻的生长,且随着氮源浓度的提高促生长作用增强,但高浓度的氮在生长后期抑制了藻的生长。Monod方程揭示了藻的生长与水中氮浓度之间的关系,9.2 mg/L组的最大比生长率(μmax)在3个处理组中最大,然后依次是27.7 mg/L和4.6 mg/L组。半饱和常数(Ks)呈现4.6 mg/L27.7 mg/L9.2 mg/L组的趋势。小球藻细胞内氮与叶绿素-a的增长曲线基本吻合,细胞内份额氮与叶绿素-a的增长不同步。小球藻生长过程中NRA呈现先升高之后逐渐降低的趋势,9.2 mg/L和27.7 mg/L组NRA相近,表明NRA可能存在一定阈值。